Classical Conditioning - a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a neutral stimulus, which acquires the power to elicit the same response.
Video explaining classical conditioning
Extinction – Weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer
Spontaneous recovery –Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay
Little Albert regains his identity
Classics in the History of Psychology (Watson and Raynor)
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Taste-aversion learning – Biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food with a certain taste after a single experience, if eating it is followed by illness
Classical conditioning in advertising
The Law of Effect: the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or "stamped" into the organism
Operant Conditioning - rewards and punishments are consequences that influence the likelihood of the behaviors they follow recurring in the future.
Positive reinforcers –Stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again
Negative reinforcers – Removal of an unpleasant stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior
Link about reinforcement and punishment
Primary reinforcers: reinforcers, such as food and sex, that have an innate basis because of their biological value to the organism.
Secondary reinforcers: stimuli, such as money or tokens, that gain their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers.
Continuous reinforcement
Partial reinforcement (also called intermittent reinforcement)
Extinction
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
Shaping: an operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing behaviors that are similar to the desired response
Punishment
Positive punishment: the application of an aversive stimulus after a response
Negative punishment: the removal of an attractive stimulus after a response
Problems with punishment
- Power usually disappears when threat of punishment is removed
- Often triggers aggression
- May inhibit learning new and better responses
- Is often applied unequally
- Extinction
- Reinforcing preferred activities
- Prompting and shaping
Insight learning – Problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions (Kohler)
Cognitive map – a mental representation of physical space (demonstrated by Tolman, who also demonstrated latent learning)
Observational learning
Overview of Observational Learning
Potential homework articles
Berkeley Police Rewards Good Drivers with Treats
Conditional Behavior at the Zoo
Positive reinforcement helps children avoid junk food
