If you have any questions for me, please fill out one of the blank sheets of paper I have up front, giving your name, the e-mail address you check most often, and the details of your question(s).

Also, if you are interested in doing any live online reviews before the final (using the Elluminate link), please list what time or times you might be available to attend such a session.

Strategies to use with difficult exam questions

Acedemic Calendar
Winter Quarter Final Exam Schedule

Edge: THE MATHEMATICS OF LOVE: A Talk with John Gottman

Edge: THE MATHEMATICS OF LOVE: A Talk with John Gottman

Videos

The Science of Sex Appeal

Big Five Personality Test

Myers-Briggs Style Test

Personality

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories

Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times

Psychoanalytic theory – Freud’s theory of personality

• Unconscious
• Eros
• Thanatos

Oral Stage


Anal Stage

Phallic Stage

--Oedipus complex

Latency Stage

Genital Stage

Ego defense mechanisms

• Repression
• Projection
• Denial
• Rationalization
• Reaction formation
• Displacement
• Regression
• Sublimation
  

Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection

Rorschach Inkblot Test


Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)



Carl Jung

Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id

Collective unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people

Archetypes

• Shadow

Karen Horney

• Basic anxiety
• Neurotic needs

Humanistic theories

Abraham Maslow


Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials

Carl Rogers


Fully functioning person – Term for a self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality

Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached

Denial is the refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic of very early childhood development.

Displacement is the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses from an object that gives rise to anxiety to a safer, more acceptable one. Being angry at the boss and kicking the dog can be an example of displacement.

Projection is the attribution of one's undesired impulses onto another. Thus, an angry spouse accuses their partner of hostility.

Rationalization is the cognitive reframing of ones perceptions to protect the ego in the face of changing realities. Thus, the promotion one wished fervently for and didn't get becomes "a dead end job for brown nosers and yes men".

Reaction Formation is the converting of wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous into their opposites. A woman who is furious at her child and wishes her harm might become overly concerned and protective of the child's health.

Regression is the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable impulses. For an example an adolescent who is overwhelmed with fear, anger and growing sexual impulses might become clinging and begin thumb sucking or bed wetting.

Repression is the blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness.

Sublimation is the channeling of unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets.

Introversion – The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience–one’s own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert

Extraversion – The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others

Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion

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Positive psychology – Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology

Observational learning – Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others

Reciprocal determinism – Process in which the person, situation and environment mutually influence each other

Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate

Temperament – Basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors

Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions

The “Big Five” traits

Extraversion: This trait includes characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness.

Agreeableness: This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors.

Neuroticism: Individuals high in this trait tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness.

Openness to experience: This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests.

Conscientiousness: Common features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors. Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organized and mindful of details.

Personality Type – Especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people

Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior

Implicit personality theories – Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others

Fundamental attribution error – Assumption that another person’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in the personality, rather than in the situation

Emotions and Motivation

Emotion –A four-part process consisting of physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation subjective feelings, and behavioral expression

Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others

People everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions:

• sadness


• fear


• anger


• disgust


• contempt


• happiness


• surprise

Display rules –Permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society

Inverted “U” function – both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal





Sensation seekers – Individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people

James-Lange theory


Cannon-Bard theory

Two-factor theory of emotion – Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and (2) emotion provoking stimulus



Emotional intelligence – Ability to understand and control emotional responses

Polygraph testing


Motivation – All processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities

Drive – Biologically instigated motivation

Motive – Internal mechanism that directs behavior (often used to describe motivations that are learned, rather that biologically based)

Intrinsic motivation – Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake (personal enjoyment)

Extrinsic motivation – Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence (e.g. a reward)

Instinct theory – View that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors

Fixed-action patterns – Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus



Drive theory – View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces drive

Homeostasis – The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition

Rotter's Internal and External Locus of Control

Locus of Control Test

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


Overjustification: the process by which extrinsic (external) rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation

Need for achievement (n Ach) – Mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): The subject is asked to tell the examiner a story about each card that includes the following elements: the event shown in the picture; what has led up to it; what the characters in the picture are feeling and thinking; and the outcome of the event.



Set point –Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight

Sexual scripts: socially learned programs of sexual interpretation and responsiveness