Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others
People everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions:
- sadness
- fear
- anger
- disgust
- contempt
- happiness
- surprise
Inverted “U” function – both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal
Sensation seekers – Individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Two-factor theory of emotion – Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and (2) emotion provoking stimulus
Emotional intelligence – Ability to understand and control emotional responses
Polygraph testing
Motivation – All processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities
Drive – Biologically instigated motivation
Motive – Internal mechanism that directs behavior (often used to describe motivations that are learned, rather that biologically based)
Intrinsic motivation – Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake (personal enjoyment)
Extrinsic motivation – Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence (e.g. a reward)
Instinct theory – View that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors
Fixed-action patterns – Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus
Drive theory – View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces drive
Homeostasis – The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition
Rotter's Internal and External Locus of Control
Locus of Control Test
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Overjustification: the process by which extrinsic (external) rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation
Need for achievement (n Ach) – Mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): The subject is asked to tell the examiner a story about each card that includes the following elements: the event shown in the picture; what has led up to it; what the characters in the picture are feeling and thinking; and the outcome of the event.
Set point –Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight
Sexual scripts: socially learned programs of sexual interpretation and responsiveness
